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Mousa Abu Marzook

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Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook
موسى محمد أبو مرزوق
Marzook in 2022
Chairman of Hamas Political Bureau
In office
1992–1996
Preceded byPosition created
Succeeded byKhaled Mashal
Deputy Chairman of Hamas Political Bureau
In office
15 January 1997 – 4 April 2013[1]
Succeeded byIsmail Haniyeh
Personal details
Born
Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook

(1951-01-09) 9 January 1951 (age 73)
Rafah, All-Palestine Protectorate
Political partyHamas
Islamic Association of Palestine
Residence(s)Doha, Qatar
Alma materAin Shams University (BSc)
Colorado State University (MSc)
Louisiana Tech University (PhD)
Parents fromYibna
Hamas biographies
Map: Birthplaces and family origins.
Abbreviations
p. parents from
b. born in
d. death
Leaders
Party leader
b. Al-Jura, d. 2004
b. Yibna, d. 2004
b. Silwad
p. Al-Jura, b. Al-Shati, d. 2024
p. Al‑Majal, b. Khan Yunis, d. 2024
Leader in Gaza
p. Al-Jura, b. Al-Shati, d. 2024
p. Al‑Majal, b. Khan Yunis, d. 2024
Deputy Leader
p. Yibna, b. Rafah
p. Al-Jura, b. Al-Shati, d. 2024
b. 'Arura, d. 2024
b. Gaza City
Military wing leader
p. Al‑Qubayba, b. Khan Yunis
d. Possible death in 2024
Politicians and officials
Male politicians
b. Beit Hanoun
Head of International relations
Previously: Health Minister
Female politicians
b. Jabalia, m. Widow of Rantisi, d. 2023
Minister for Women's Affairs
Government officials in Gaza
p. Bayt Tima, b. Jabalia, d. 2024
Police and crisis management
Health Ministry spokesperson
Officials in Lebanon
Ezzedeen Al-Qassam Brigades
p. Kawkaba (near Kokhav Michael) and Al‑Qubayba, b. Khan Yunis
d. failed attempt in 2014
d. unconfirmed in 2024
p. Al‑Majal
b. Bureij refugee camp
d. 2024
Alleged Al Qassam militants
Alleged "Nukhba"
Other biography pages
p. Bayt Tima b. Jabalia d. 2010

Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook (Arabic: موسى محمد أبو مرزوق‎; born 9 January 1951) is a Palestinian politician and senior member of Hamas who served as the first chairman of Hamas Political Bureau from 1992 until 1996 and deputy chairman of Hamas Political Bureau from January 1997 until April 2013, where he was succeeded by Ismail Haniyeh.[2]

Early life and education

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Mousa Abu Mazrook (next to Ismail Haniyeh) in Moscow, 13 September 2022

Marzook's parents were from Yibna, Mandatory Palestine (now Yavne, Israel).[3] They became refugees after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and were forced to move to the Rafah Camp in the Gaza Strip.[3] Marzook was born there on 9 January 1951, the second of nine children.[4][3] During the Six Day War, Marzook's brother Mahmud Abu Marzook joined irregular forces fighting the Israeli military in Rafah, which later became a military unit of the Palestinian Liberation Organization. As a teenager in Rafah, Marzook was introduced to Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, by then a member of the secret leadership of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.[4]

Marzook completed high school in Gaza, studied engineering in Cairo from 1970 to 1976, and then started working as an engineer in Abu Dhabi. By then, he was recognized as a young leader of the Muslim Brotherhood. Marzook was a inaugural members of the board of the Islamic University of Gaza, founded by Islamists in 1978. Marzook travelled extensively throughout the Middle East during his years in Abu Dhabi, cultivating political and financial connections in support of his goal to establish an independent Islamist state in Palestine.[4]

In 1982, he traveled to the United States on a student visa. By the time he arrived, he was a prominent member of the Muslim Brotherhood.[4] Marzook earned a master's degree in construction management from Colorado State University, then a Doctorate degree in Industrial Engineering from Louisiana Tech University.[3][5]

In 1991, he moved to Springfield, Virginia.[4] Marzook lived in the U.S. for at least 14 years, obtaining a Green Card in 1990. He is married with six children.[6]

Hamas involvement

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From the founding of Hamas at the end of 1987, Marzook became its leading political voice. Abu Marzook was elected as the first head of the Hamas Political Bureau in 1992, overseeing its operations from Northern Virginia under the United Association for Studies and Research. According to U.S. officials, up to 15 percent of Hamas's $70 million annual budget came from America.[4][7] Journalist Shlomi Eldar credits Abu Marzook's fundraising prowess, and his connections to donors in Europe and the US with saving the organization and developing its infrastructure in Gaza, including social service programs. Israel claims that some funds were used for attacks against Israel, a charge that Abu Marzouk denies.[5] Since 1997 has been deputy chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau.[7] Marzook lived in Jordan from 1998 to 2001.[8] He then moved to Damascus, Syria in 2001.[8]

From 1991 until 1995, Marzook held secret talks with U.S. government officials as the leader of Hamas in the United States. During meetings, Marzook reportedly explained Hamas's conditions for talks with Israel and pledged not to conduct operations against the United States. According to U.S. officials, Marzook traveled to Tehran in October 1992 in his role as Hamas's de facto foreign minister.[6] On August 1, 1993, Marzook reestablished the Hamas Political Bureau in Amman, returning to the United States three or four times per year to renew his green card and meet with U.S. officials. On July 1, 1995, Jordanian Prime Minister called Marzook and expelled him from Jordan, claiming pressure from Israel.[4] Israel held Marzook responsible for overseeing segments of Hamas that killed 47 Israelis between 1990 and 1994, claimed by Hamas' military wing.[9] According to U.S. officials, Marzook traveled to Tehran in October 1992 in his role as Hamas's de facto foreign minister.[6]

Marzook founded the Islamic Association of Palestine.[10]

Arrest in U.S.

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Officials from the Immigration and Naturalization Service arrested Marzook upon arrival at John F. Kennedy Airport in New York City on 27 July 1995 due to his presence on a terrorist watch list. American and Israeli authorities claimed that Marzook was the head of Hamas's political committee and set the group's political and strategic policy, including sanctioning its use of terrorist attacks. Others described Marzook as Hamas's de facto foreign minister, a public face and key fundraiser.[4] Marzook was held at the Manhattan Correctional Center. Marzook's attorney Stanley L. Cohen acknowledged that Marzook supported Hamas, but denied he was a leader. However, Imad Falouji, leader of Hamas in Gaza, who Marzouk appointed, virtually acknowledged he was a Hamas leader.[4][6]

A U.S. judge concluded there was "probable cause" Marzook was linked to bombings in Israel. Two months after Marzouk's arrest, Israel requested the United States extradite him.[4] Cohen continues to legally represent Marzook.[11]

Hamas leadership post-imprisonment

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After spending 22 months in prison, Marzook was deported to Jordan in May 1997 after Israel dropped its demand for his extradition. As part of the deal, Marzook relinquished his U.S. residency. At a news conference, Marzook said Hamas would no longer target Israeli civilians, but refused to condemn acts of violence against Israelis. He admitted to leading Hamas' political wing.[9][12][13]

In 2003, the Central Bank of Jordan froze the assets of Hamas leaders, including Marzook as a politburo member. The assets of politburo chief Khaled Mashal, founder Ahmed Yassine, and senior officials Osama Hamdan and Imad al-Alami were also frozen.[14]

After Ismail Haniyeh was elected as deputy head of Hamas by the Hamas Shura Council in April 2013, Marzook was appointed as one of two deputies to Haniyeh. Marzook was responsible for all external issues, while Khaled Mishaal was responsible for issues within the Palestinian Territories.[15]

Living in exile

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In 2012, Marzook was living in New Cairo, Egypt.[11] At the outbreak of the 2023 Israel-Hamas war, Marzook was residing in Doha, Qatar.[16]

Criminal charges in the US

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Marzook was listed as a Specially Designated Terrorist by the U.S. Treasury Department in 1995, and is currently on the renamed Treasury department Specially Designated National list under such alternative spellings of his name as Dr. Musa Abu-Marzuq, Sa'id Abu-Marzuq, Mousa Mohamed Abou Marzook, Musa Abu Marzouk, and Musa Abu Marzuk, and under the alias "Abu-'Umar."[17]

In 2002, a federal grand jury in Dallas returned an indictment against Marzook for conspiring to violate U.S. laws that prohibit dealings in terrorist funds. The indictment alleged that Marzook had conspired with the Richardson, Texas-based InfoCom Corporation and five of its employees to hide his financial transactions with the computer company. He allegedly invested $250,000 in InfoCom, with Infocom to make payments to Marzook based on the company's net profits or losses.[18]

In 2004, Ismail Elbarasse was detained by police in Maryland west of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge after Baltimore County police officers said they saw a woman (his wife) in the vehicle videotaping the Bridge, including footage of the cables and upper supports of the main span. Elbarasse was an assistant to Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook, and was named an unindicted co-conspirator by a grand jury in Chicago after authorities searched the home and vehicle of Elbarasse and found bank records belonging to Marzook, deputy chief of Hamas's political wing. A federal indictment charged Marzook in an alleged conspiracy that authorities said raised millions of dollars for Hamas.[19]

In 2004, a U.S. court indicted him in absentia for coordinating and financing Hamas activities.[20]

Political views

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Interview with The Forward

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In April 2012, Marzook gave what was billed as his "first-ever interview with a Jewish publication", The Forward.[11] Marzook said that an agreement between Israel and the P.A. would have to be ratified by a referendum of all Palestinians, including those in Gaza. He would regard it as a hudna, or cease-fire, rather than as a peace treaty. If Hamas gained power, they would feel free to change provisions of the agreement. "We will not recognize Israel as a state", he said. "It will be like the relationship between Lebanon and Israel or Syria and Israel", that is, an armistice.

The Forward requested the interview, which took place over two days at Marzook's home in New Cairo, Egypt.[11][5] The Forward published responses to the interview from eight "prominent observers of the Middle East peace process", Laura Kam of The Israel Project, Israeli security analyst Yossi Alpher, Lara Friedman of Americans for Peace Now, Princeton University Professor Daoud Kuttab, Abraham Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League, Arab-American activist Hussein Ibish, David Keyes of Advancing Human Rights and political scientist Nathan Brown.[21][22]

Operation Pillar of Defense

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Following the eight-day cross-border battle between Israel and Hamas in November 2012, Moussa Abu Marzouk said that Hamas would not stop making weapons in Gaza or smuggling them to the territory. According to the Associated Press, Moussa Abu Marzouk is the No 2 leader in Hamas.[23]

2023 Israel-Hamas war

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In separate interviews with the BBC and the Economist after the October 7 attacks, Marzook refused to acknowledge that Hamas killed civilians during the attack.[24][25] When asked about the Re'im music festival massacre, Marzouk replied that it was a "coincidence", and that the attackers may have thought these were soldiers "resting".[25]

When asked why Hamas built 500 km of tunnels but not shelters for civilians in Gaza, Abu Marzuk said that the tunnels are built to protect Hamas fighters, while it is the responsibility of UN to protect the civilians.[26][27][28][29]

Notes and references

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Citations

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  1. ^ "Hamas appoints Haniya as deputy head: party official". AFP. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
  2. ^ "Hamas appoints Haniya as deputy head: party official". AFP. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
  3. ^ a b c d "Senior Hamas leader: Israel exists". Ynet News. 20 February 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Weaver, Mary Anne (1996-08-11). "A Hamas leader jailed in Manhattan". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 2023-11-17. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Cohler-Esses, Larry (19 April 2012). "Hamas Wouldn't Honor a Treaty, Top Leader Says". The Forward. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d Greenhouse, Steven (1995-07-28). "U.S. DETAINS ARAB TIED TO MILITANTS". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-05-26. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Guest CV: Moussa Abu Marzouq". Islam Online. Archived from the original on 7 December 2007.
  8. ^ a b Baghdadi, George (10 December 2001). "Hamas is Still Defiant". Time. Damascus. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  9. ^ a b "Hamas leader deported to Jordan". CNN. 1997-05-06. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  10. ^ Emerson, Steven (13 July 2005). "Money Laundering and Terror Financing Issues in the Middle East" (PDF). United States Senate Committee of Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2005.
  11. ^ a b c d The Forward 2012.
  12. ^ "Deported Hamas leader in Jordan: No more terror against civilians". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 1997-06-05. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  13. ^ Macfarquhar, Neil (1997-05-01). "Jordan to Let Terror Suspect Held in U.S. Into Kingdom". New York Times. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  14. ^ "Jordan banks asked to freeze Hamas funds". UPI. 2003-09-15. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  15. ^ "Hamas appoints Haniya as deputy head: party official". AFP. 2013-04-04. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  16. ^ Rasgon, Adam; Kirkpatrick, David D. (2023-10-13). "What Was Hamas Thinking?". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
  17. ^ "Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List" (PDF). OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL. 6 August 2013. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-13.
  18. ^ "SENIOR LEADER OF HAMAS AND TEXAS COMPUTER COMPANY INDICTED FOR CONSPIRACY TO VIOLATE U.S. BAN ON FINANCIAL DEALINGS WITH TERRORISTS". U.S. Department of Justice. 18 December 2002. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  19. ^ Rich, Markon; Eric, Jerry (25 August 2004). "Va. Man Tied to Hamas Held as Witness". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  20. ^ "United States of America v. Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2009.
  21. ^ "Reading Hamas". The Forward. 29 April 2012.
  22. ^ "Reading Hamas II". The Forward. 30 April 2012.
  23. ^ "AP Interview: Hamas No. 2 rejects Gaza arms halt". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. 24 November 2012. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  24. ^ Kilani, Feras (2023-11-07). "Hamas leader refuses to acknowledge killing of civilians in Israel". BBC. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  25. ^ a b "A Hamas leader refuses to admit his group planned to kill civilians". The Economist. 11 October 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  26. ^ "Hamas Official Mousa Abu Marzouk: The Tunnels In Gaza Were Built To Protect Hamas Fighters, Not Civilians; Protecting Gaza Civilians Is The Responsibility Of The U.N. And Israel". MEMRI. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  27. ^ "Tunnels built to protect our fighters, not civilians: Hamas official". India Today. 30 October 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  28. ^ "Hamas official Marzouk: 'Gaza tunnels built to protect Hamas, not civilians'". Jerusalem Post. 31 October 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  29. ^ Pacchiani, Gianluca (2023-10-31). "Top Hamas official declares group is not responsible for defending Gazan civilians". Times of Israel. Retrieved 8 August 2024.

Sources

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